ATLANTA, Ga. (April 25, 2024) – Georgia Governor Brian Kemp has signed a bill into law that prohibits financial institutions operating in the state from using a credit card merchant code that would enable the tracking of firearm and ammunition purchases. But the new law also has two potential loopholes that could reduce its impact.
Rep. Jason Ridley introduced House Bill 1018 (HB1018) on Jan 24. Titled the “Georgia Firearms Industry Nondiscrimination Act,” the law prohibits financial institutions from requiring the use of a firearms code that distinguishes firearms businesses from other businesses.
The law also makes it illegal for financial institutions in the state to discriminate against a firearms retailer by declining a lawful payment card transaction based solely on the assignment or non-assignment of a firearms code. HB1018 prohibits a government entity from keeping any list, record, or registry of privately owned firearms or owners of such firearms.
The State Attorney General is authorized to investigate alleged violations, though alleged violators would be allowed to respond within 30 days after receiving a written notice before action could be taken.
However, the law contains at least two potential loopholes via language not included in other similar laws passed in other states.
First, the prohibition on requiring the use of a firearms code is only “unless such required usage of a firearms code is based on a good faith conclusion that such action is required by applicable law or regulation.”
The second reads:
The provisions of this part shall not apply to any bank, trust company, credit union, or merchant acquirer limited purpose bank that is chartered under the laws of this state or any other state to the extent that federal law precludes or preempts or has been determined to preclude or preempt the application of the provisions of this part to any federally chartered bank, trust company, credit union, or merchant acquirer limited purpose bank.”
The bill cleared the House on Feb. 27 in a 106-60 vote, then in the Senate on March 26 in a 33-19 vote. Gov. Kemp signed the bill on April 22.
Mississippi, Idaho, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, and Florida passed similar laws during the 2023 legislative session.
IN EFFECT
In response to legislation like this, major credit card payment networks “paused” implementation of the firearms merchant code. In an email to Reuters, a Mastercard representative said such bills would cause “inconsistency” in how the code could be applied by merchants, banks and payment networks.
In September 2022, the International Standards Organization, based in Switzerland, approved a new merchant category code for firearm and ammunition merchants. In the letter to payment card networks, federal lawmakers stated that the new Merchant Category Code for firearms retailers would be “. . .the first step towards facilitating the collection of valuable financial data that could help law enforcement in countering the financing of terrorism efforts,” expressing a clear government expectation that networks will utilize the new Merchant Category Code to conduct mass surveillance of constitutionally protected firearms and ammunition purchases in cooperation with law enforcement.
The more states that ban such codes, the more likely this program gets scrapped permanently.
IMPACT ON FEDERAL PROGRAMS
Data collected from this merchant code would almost certainly end up in federal government databases.
Concern about the misuse of federal firearms databases isn’t just paranoia. The Taliban has reportedly used a firearm ownership database created by the U.S. government to track down gun owners and confiscate firearms in Afghanistan. This goes to show that even if you trust the people creating the database, it can fall into the wrong hands. In other words, the very existence of a database is a danger.
The feds can share and tap into vast amounts of information gathered at the state and local level through fusion centers and a system known as the “information sharing environment” or ISE.
Fusion centers were sold as a tool to combat terrorism, but that is not how they are being used. The ACLU pointed to a bipartisan congressional report to demonstrate the true nature of government fusion centers: “They haven’t contributed anything meaningful to counterterrorism efforts. Instead, they have largely served as police surveillance and information sharing nodes for law enforcement efforts targeting the frequent subjects of police attention: Black and brown people, immigrants, dissidents, and the poor.”
Fusion centers operate within the broader ISE. According to its website, the ISE “provides analysts, operators, and investigators with information needed to enhance national security. These analysts, operators, and investigators…have mission needs to collaborate and share information with each other and with private sector partners and our foreign allies.” In other words, ISE serves as a conduit for the sharing of information gathered without a warrant. Known ISE partners include the Office of Director of National Intelligence which oversees 17 federal agencies and organizations, including the NSA. ISE utilizes these partnerships to collect and share data on the millions of unwitting people they track.
In practice, local data collection using ALPRs, stingrays, drones and other spy technologies create the potential for the federal government to obtain and store information on millions of Americans including phone calls, emails, web browsing history, location history, and text messages, all with no warrant, no probable cause, and without the people even knowing it.
In a nutshell, without state and local assistance, the feds have a much more difficult time gathering information. When the state limits surveillance and data collection, it means less information the feds can tap into. This represents a major blow to the surveillance state and a win for privacy.
WHAT’S NEXT
The law takes effect on July 1.
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